Aufgabe 1 — Korken im Eimer (MC-Aufgabe) (5 Pkt.)

Deutscher. Ein mit Wasser gefüllter Eimer ist an einem Seil aufgehängt. In dem Eimer befindet sich, wie nebenstehend abgebildet, ein Korken, der mit einem Faden am Boden des Eimers befestigt ist. Wenn der Faden durchtrennt wird, steigt der Korken an die Wasseroberfläche. Wird das Seil am Eimer durchtrennt, fällt dieser mit Inhalt nach unten.

Wie bewegt sich der Korken relativ zu dem Eimer, unmittelbar nachdem das Seil und der Faden gleichzeitig durchtrennt worden sind?

  • (A) Der Korken steigt schneller zur Wasseroberfläche.
  • (B) Der Korken steigt genau so schnell an die Wasseroberfläche.
  • (C) Der Korken bleibt in Ruhe.
  • (D) Der Korken sinkt zum Boden des Eimers.

Problem (English translation). A bucket filled with water is suspended from a rope. There is a cork in the bucket, as shown opposite, which is attached to the bottom of the bucket with a thread. When the thread is cut, the cork rises to the surface of the water. If the rope on the bucket is cut, the bucket and its contents fall down.

How does the cork move relative to the bucket immediately after the rope and thread have been severed at the same time?

  • (A) The cork rises faster to the surface of the water.
  • (B) The cork rises to the surface of the water just as quickly.
  • (C) The cork stays in place.
  • (D) The cork sinks to the bottom of the bucket.

Topic: Fluid Mechanics, Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Free-Body Diagram, Physical Modeling, Hydrostatic Equilibrium Competenze: Physical Reasoning, Diagrammatic Reasoning Objects: Container, String Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.1

**Testione 1 Cork in scatola (Testione MC) (5 Pt.) **

Un vassoio pieno di acqua è appeso a una corda. Nel bacino, come illustrato qui, è presente una forca, fissata con un filo al fondo dell’eimer. Quando il filo viene tagliato, la forca sale sulla superficie dell’acqua. Se la corda viene tagliata dal bidone, il contenuto cade.

Come si muove la forca rispetto al vasetto subito dopo che la corda e il filo sono stati tagliati contemporaneamente?

  • (A) La forca si eleva più velocemente verso la superficie dell’acqua.
  • (B) La forca si eleva alla superficie dell’acqua esattamente così velocemente.
  • (C) La forca resta ferma.
  • (D) La forca si affaccia al fondo dell’emora.

Problema (English translation). Un bucket filled with water is suspended from a rope. C’è una canna nel secchio, come mostrato opposto, che è attaccato al fondo del secchio con un filo. Quando il filo è tagliato, il canne si eleva alla superficie dell’acqua. Se la corda sul secchio viene tagliata, il secchio e il suo contenuto cadono.

Come si muove il canne rispetto al secchio immediatamente dopo che la corda e il filo sono stati tagliati allo stesso tempo?

  • (A) Il cork si eleva più velocemente alla superficie dell’acqua.
  • (B) Il cork si eleva alla superficie dell’acqua altrettanto rapidamente.
  • (C) Il cork rimane in posizione.
  • (D) Il cork si fonda al fondo del secchio.

Topic: Fluid Mechanics, Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Free-Body Diagram, Physical Modeling, Hydrostatic Equilibrium Competenze: Physical Reasoning, Diagrammatic Reasoning Objects: Container, String Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.1

**Task 1 Cork in the bucket (MC task) (5%) **

A bucket filled with water is hung on a rope. The bucket contains, as shown below, a cork attached to the bottom of the bucket by a thread. When the thread is cut, the cork rises to the water’s surface. If the rope is cut from the bucket, the bucket will fall down with content.

How does the cork move relative to the bucket immediately after the rope and thread have been cut at the same time?

  • (A) The cork rises faster to the water surface.
  • (B) The cork rises to the water surface just as fast.
  • (C) The cork stays still.
  • (D) The cork drops to the bottom of the ember.

Problem (English translation). A bucket filled with water is suspended from a rope. There is a cork in the bucket, as shown opposite, which is attached to the bottom of the bucket with a thread. When the thread is cut, the cork rises to the surface of the water. If the rope on the bucket is cut, the bucket and its contents fall down.

How does the cork move relative to the bucket immediately after the rope and thread have been severed at the same time?

  • (A) The cork rises faster to the surface of the water.
  • (B) The cork rises to the surface of the water just as quickly.
  • (C) The cork stays in place.
  • (D) The cork sinks to the bottom of the bucket.

Topic: Fluid Mechanics, Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Free-Body Diagram, Physical Modeling, Hydrostatic Equilibrium Competenze: Physical Reasoning, Diagrammatic Reasoning Objects: Container, String Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.1

Aufgabe 2 — Bewegung! (MC-Aufgabe) (5 Pkt.)

Deutscher. Der nebenstehende Graph zeigt die Beschleunigung eines Körpers bei einer eindimensionalen Bewegung als Funktion der Zeit .

Welche der nachfolgenden Graphen stellt die Geschwindigkeit des Körpers als Funktion der Zeit korrekt dar?

Problem (English translation). The graph opposite shows the acceleration of a body during a one-dimensional movement as a function of time .

Which of the following graphs correctly represents the speed of the body as a function of time?

(Il grafico di e le quattro opzioni sono figure embedded nel PDF; fare riferimento alla pagina PDF originale.)


Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Kinematic Equations, Calculus-Integration Competenze: Graph Linearization, Physical Reasoning, Diagrammatic Reasoning Objects:Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.2

  • La missione 2 - Movimento! (Tasso MC) (5%)

German. Il grafico di seguito mostra l’accelerazione di un corpo in movimento unidimensional come funzione del tempo .

Quale dei seguenti grafici rappresenta correttamente la velocità del corpo come funzione del tempo?

Problema (Inglese translation). Il grafico opposto mostra l’accelerazione di un corpo durante un movimento unidimensional come funzione di tempo .

Quale dei grafici seguenti rappresenta correttamente la velocità del corpo come funzione di tempo?

Il grafico di e le quattro opzioni sono figure embedded nel PDF; fare riferimento alla pagina PDF originale.)*


Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Kinematic Equations, Calculus-Integration Competenze: Graph Linearization, Physical Reasoning, Diagrammatic Reasoning Objects:Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.2

**Aufgabe 2 — Bewegung! (MC-task) (5%) **

Deutscher. Der nebenstehende Graph zeigt die Beschleunigung eines Körpers bei einer eindimensionalen Bewegung als Funktion der Zeit .

Which of the following graphs correctly represents the body’s speed as a function of time?

Problem (English translation). The graph opposite shows the acceleration of a body during a one-dimensional movement as a function of time .

Which of the following graphs correctly represents the speed of the body as a function of time?

(Il grafico di e le quattro opzioni sono figure embedded nel PDF; fare riferimento alla pagina PDF originale.)


Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Kinematic Equations, Calculus-Integration Competenze: Graph Linearization, Physical Reasoning, Diagrammatic Reasoning Objects:Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.2

Aufgabe 3 — Gravitationswellen (MC-Aufgabe)

Deutscher. Die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie sagt die Existenz von Gravitationswellen, also Wellen in der Struktur der Raumzeit voraus. Diese Wellen werden von beschleunigten Massen erzeugt und breiten sich mit Lichtgeschwindigkeit aus.

Für zwei Körper mit gleicher Masse , die sich in einem Abstand umkreisen, lässt sich die durch Gravitationswellen abgestrahlte Leistung mit Hilfe der Gravitationskonstante und der Vakuumlichtgeschwindigkeit ausdrücken.

Welcher der folgenden Ausdrücke könnte einen passenden Ausdruck für die Leistung darstellen?

Problem (English translation). The general theory of relativity predicts the existence of gravitational waves, i.e. waves in the structure of space-time. These waves are generated by accelerated masses and propagate at the speed of light.

For two bodies with the same mass , which circle each other at a distance , the power radiated by gravitational waves can be expressed with the help of the gravitational constant and the vacuum speed of light .

Which of the following expressions might be a suitable expression for the power ?


Topic: Gravitation, Circuits, Thermodynamics Metodi: Dimensional Analysis, Equivalent Circuit Reduction, Thermodynamic Cycle Analysis, Graph Linearization Competenze: Physical Reasoning, Experimental Data Analysis, Diagrammatic Reasoning Objects:Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.2

**Testione 3 onde gravitazionali (Testione MC) **

La teoria della relatività generale prevede l’esistenza di onde gravitazionali, ovvero onde nella struttura dello spazio-tempo. Queste onde sono prodotte da masse accelerate e si diffondono alla velocità della luce.

Per due corpi di massa uguale che si circondano a distanza , la potenza emessa dalle onde gravitazionali può essere espressa con la costante gravitazionale e la velocità di luce a vuoto .

Qual è la seguente espressione che potrebbe essere appropriata per il prestito ?

Il problema (Inglese translation). onde nella struttura dello spazio-tempo. Queste onde sono generate da masse accelerate e si propagano alla velocità della luce.

Per due corpi con la stessa massa , che circolano a distanza , la potenza irradiata da onde gravitazionali può essere espressa con l’aiuto della costante gravitazionale e della velocità di vuoto della luce .

Quale delle seguenti espressioni potrebbe essere una espressione adatta per la potenza ?


Topic: Gravitation, Circuits, Thermodynamics Metodi: Dimensional Analysis, Equivalent Circuit Reduction, Thermodynamic Cycle Analysis, Graph Linearization Competenze: Physical Reasoning, Experimental Data Analysis, Diagrammatic Reasoning Objects:Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.2

The following is the list of the main types of measurements performed by the manufacturer:

The general theory of relativity predicts the existence of gravitational waves, i.e. waves in the structure of space-time. These waves are produced by accelerated masses and propagate at the speed of light.

For two bodies of equal mass circling at a distance , the power emitted by gravitational waves can be expressed by means of the gravitational constant and the vacuum light speed .

Which of the following terms could be a suitable term for the performance ?

The general theory of relativity predicts the existence of gravitational waves, i.e. Waves in the structure of space-time. These waves are generated by accelerated masses and propagate at the speed of light.

For two bodies with the same mass , which circle each other at a distance , the power radiated by gravitational waves can be expressed with the help of the gravitational constant and the vacuum speed of light .

Which of the following expressions might be a suitable expression for the power ?


Topic: Gravitation, Circuits, Thermodynamics Metodi: Dimensional Analysis, Equivalent Circuit Reduction, Thermodynamic Cycle Analysis, Graph Linearization Competenze: Physical Reasoning, Experimental Data Analysis, Diagrammatic Reasoning Objects:Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.2

Aufgabe 5 — Widerstandfünfeck (MC-Aufgabe)

Deutscher. Eine Batterie mit einer Spannung von ist mit einem idealen Amperemeter in Reihe geschaltet. Die Reihenschaltung kann an zwei beliebige Ecken des abgebildeten Widerstandfünfecks angeschlossen werden.

Wie groß ist die betragsmäßig kleinste Stromstärke, die dabei durch das Amperemeter fließt?

  • (A)
  • (B)
  • (C)
  • (D)

Problem (English translation). A battery with a voltage of is connected in series with an ideal ammeter. The series circuit can be connected to any two corners of the resistor pentagon shown.

How big is the smallest amount of current that flows through the ammeter?

  • (A)
  • (B)
  • (C)
  • (D)

(Il diagramma del Widerstandfünfeck con i valori delle resistenze è una figura embedded nel PDF; fare riferimento alla pagina PDF originale.)


Topic: Circuits Metodi: Equivalent Circuit Reduction, Kirchhoff’s Laws, Symmetry Argument Competenze: Physical Reasoning, Mathematical Modeling Objects: Battery, Resistor, Galvanometer Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.3

**Testione 5 Fino a resistenza (Testione MC) **

German. Una batteria con una tensione di è collegata in serie con un amperimetro ideale. Il circuito di fila può essere collegato a due angoli del cinquecento di resistenza raffigurato.

Qual è la minima potenza di corrente che fluisce attraverso l’ampimetro?

  • (A)
  • (B)
  • (C)
  • (D)

Problema (traduzione inglese). Una batteria con una voltage di è collegata in serie con un ammetro ideale. Il circuito di serie può essere collegato a due angoli del resistore pentagono mostrato.

Quanto è grande la minima quantità di corrente che scorre attraverso l’ammetro?

  • (A)
  • (B)
  • (C)
  • (D)

(Il diagramma del cinque resistenze con i valori delle resistenze è una figura emessa nel PDF; fare riferimento alla pagina PDF originale.)


Topic: Circuits Metodi: Equivalent Circuit Reduction, Kirchhoff’s Laws, Symmetry Argument Competenze: Physical Reasoning, Mathematical Modeling Objects: Battery, Resistor, Galvanometer Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.3

The following is the list of the types of tests to be performed:

A battery with a voltage of is switched on in a row with an ideal ammeter. The series circuit may be connected to any two corners of the resistance fixture shown.

What is the minimum quantity of current flowing through the ammeter?

  • (A)
  • (B)
  • (C)
  • (D)

Problem (English translation). A battery with a voltage of is connected in series with an ideal amp. The series circuit can be connected to any two corners of the resistor pentagon shown.

How big is the smallest amount of current that flows through the ammeter?

  • (A)
  • (B)
  • (C)
  • (D)

The diagram of the five resistance areas with the values of the resistance is an embedded figure in the PDF; refer to the original PDF page.


Topic: Circuits Metodi: Equivalent Circuit Reduction, Kirchhoff’s Laws, Symmetry Argument Competenze: Physical Reasoning, Mathematical Modeling Objects: Battery, Resistor, Galvanometer Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.3

Aufgabe 7 — RLC-Schaltung (MC-Aufgabe)

Deutscher. Ein Widerstand mit Widerstandswert , ein Kondensator der Kapazität und eine Spule der Induktivität werden an eine Wechselspannungsquelle angeschlossen. Die Amplitude der Wechselspannung beträgt und die Bauteile können als ideal angenommen werden.

Der folgende Graph zeigt die Amplitude der Stromstärke in dem Stromkreis als Funktion der Frequenz der sinusförmigen Wechselspannung.

Welche der folgenden Schaltskizzen stellt die verwendete Schaltung korrekt dar?

Problem (English translation). A resistor with resistance value , a capacitor with capacitance and a coil with inductance are connected to an alternating voltage source. The amplitude of the alternating voltage is and the components can be assumed to be ideal.

The following graph shows the amplitude of the current in the circuit as a function of the frequency of the sinusoidal alternating voltage.

Which of the following circuit diagrams correctly represents the circuit used?

(Il grafico e le quattro schematiche di circuito sono figure embedded nel PDF; fare riferimento alla pagina PDF originale.)


Topic: Circuits, Oscillations & Waves Metodi: Equivalent Circuit Reduction, Physical Modeling Competenze: Diagrammatic Reasoning, Physical Reasoning Objects: Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.3

**Testione 7 Circuito RLC (Testione MC) **

Un resistore con resistenza , un condensatore di capacità e una coil di induttura sono collegati a una sorgente di voltazione alternativa. L’amplitudine della tensione di cambio è e le componenti possono essere considerate ideali.

Il grafico seguente mostra l’amplitudine della potenza di corrente nel circuito elettrico come funzione della frequenza della sinusa volta intercalare.

Qual è il diagramma di circuito corretto utilizzato?

Problema (translazione inglese). Un resistore con valore di resistenza , un condensatore con capacità e una bobina con induttanza sono collegati a una fonte di voltage alternata. L’ampiezza della volta alternata è e i componenti possono essere presunti come ideali.

Il grafico seguente mostra l’ampiezza del corrente nel circuito come funzione della frequenza del sinusoidal alternating voltage.

Quale dei seguenti diagrammi di circuito rappresenta correttamente il circuito utilizzato?

Il grafico e il quattro schemi di circuiti sono figure embedded nel PDF; fare riferimento alla pagina PDF originale.)*


Topic: Circuits, Oscillations & Waves Metodi: Equivalent Circuit Reduction, Physical Modeling Competenze: Diagrammatic Reasoning, Physical Reasoning Objects: Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.3

The following information is provided for in the Annex to Implementing Regulation (EU) No 1303/2013.

A resistor with resistance value , a capacitor and a coil of inductivity are connected to an alternating voltage source. The amplitude of the AC voltage is and the components can be assumed to be ideal.

The following graph shows the amplitude of the current strength in the circuit as a function of the frequency of the sine-shaped AC voltage.

Which of the following diagrams correctly represents the circuit used?

** Problem (English translation).** A resistor with resistance value , a capacitor with capacitance and a coil with inductance are connected to an alternating voltage source. The amplitude of the alternating voltage is and the components can be assumed to be ideal.

The following graph shows the amplitude of the current in the circuit as a function of the frequency of the sinusoidal alternating voltage.

Which of the following circuit diagrams correctly represents the circuit used?

The graphic and the four diagrams of the circuits are embedded in the PDF; make reference to the original PDF page.) *


Topic: Circuits, Oscillations & Waves Metodi: Equivalent Circuit Reduction, Physical Modeling Competenze: Diagrammatic Reasoning, Physical Reasoning Objects: Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.3

Aufgabe 9 — Kreisprozess (MC-Aufgabe)

Deutscher. Ein ideales Gas durchläuft einen Kreisprozess. Ausgehend von dem Zustand wird es zunächst bei konstantem Volumen bis zu einem Zustand erwärmt, anschließend expandiert es ohne Temperaturänderung bis zu einem Zustand und wird schließlich isobar wieder zum Ausgangszustand komprimiert.

Bezeichne mit , und den Druck, das Volumen und die Temperatur des Gases.

Welche der nachfolgenden Graphen stellen den Kreisprozess korrekt dar?

  • (A) Nur die Graphen I und II.
  • (B) Nur die Graphen I und III.
  • (C) Nur die Graphen II und III.
  • (D) Alle drei Graphen.

Problem (English translation). An ideal gas goes through a cycle. Starting from state , it is first heated at constant volume up to state , then it expands to state without a change in temperature and is finally isobarically compressed again to initial state .

Use , and to denote the pressure, volume and temperature of the gas.

Which of the following graphs represent the cycle correctly?

  • (A) Graphs I and II only.
  • (B) Graphs I and III only.
  • (C) Graphs II and III only.
  • (D) All three graphs.

(I tre grafici del ciclo sono figure embedded nel PDF; fare riferimento alla pagina PDF originale.)


Topic: Thermodynamics Metodi: Thermodynamic Cycle Analysis, Ideal Gas Law Competenze: Diagrammatic Reasoning, Physical Reasoning Objects: Gas Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.4

Testione 9 Circolo (Testione MC)

Un gas ideale passa attraverso un processo circolare. Partendo dallo stato , si riscaldano a un volume costante fino a uno stato , poi si espandono fino a uno stato senza cambiamento di temperatura e, infine, si ripreso isobaramente allo stato di partenza .

Indicare con , e la pressione, il volume e la temperatura del gas.

Quale dei grafici seguenti rappresenta correttamente il processo circolare?

  • (A) Solo i grafici I e II.
  • (B) Solo i grafici I e III.
  • (C) Solo i grafici II e III.
  • (D) Tutti e tre i grafici.

Il problema è che il gas ideale passa attraverso un ciclo. Partendo dallo stato , è prima riscaldato a volume costante fino allo stato , poi si espandono allo stato senza un cambiamento di temperatura e è finalmente isobaricamente compresso di nuovo allo stato iniziale .

Usare , e per indicare la pressione, il volume e la temperatura del gas.

Quali dei seguenti grafici rappresentano correttamente il ciclo?

  • (A) Grafici I e II solo.
  • (B) Grafiche I e III solo.
  • (C) Grafici II e III solo.
  • (D) Tutti e tre i grafici.

(I tre grafici del ciclo sono figure embedded in PDF; fare riferimento alla pagina PDF originale.)


Topic: Thermodynamics Metodi: Thermodynamic Cycle Analysis, Ideal Gas Law Competenze: Diagrammatic Reasoning, Physical Reasoning Objects: Gas Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.4

The following table shows the results of the calculation of the total number of samples:

The ideal gas is going through a circular process. Starting from the state, it is first heated to a constant volume to a state , then expands to a state without temperature change and is finally compressed back to the starting state .

Indicate the pressure, volume and temperature of the gas with , and .

Which of the following graphs correctly represents the circular process?

  • (A) Only graphs I and II.
  • (B) Only graphs I and III.
  • (C) Only graphs II and III.
  • (D) All three graphs.

The problem is that an ideal gas goes through a cycle. Starting from state , it is first heated at constant volume up to state , then it expands to state without a change in temperature and is finally isobarically compressed again to initial state .

Use , and to denote the pressure, volume and temperature of the gas.

Which of the following graphs represent the cycle correctly?

  • (A) Graphs I and II only.
  • (B) Graphs I and III only.
  • (C) Graphs II and III only.
  • (D) All three graphs.

The following table shows the results of the study:


Topic: Thermodynamics Metodi: Thermodynamic Cycle Analysis, Ideal Gas Law Competenze: Diagrammatic Reasoning, Physical Reasoning Objects: Gas Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.4

Aufgabe 10 — Eis schmelzen (MC-Aufgabe)

Deutscher. An einem kalten Wintertag stehen drei identische, nicht isolierte Holzkisten vor dem Haus, die jeweils mit der gleichen Menge Eis der Temperatur befüllt werden. Um das Eis zu schmelzen, wird in jede der Boxen ein elektrisches Heizelement platziert. Die Heizelemente sind identisch, werden aber mit unterschiedlichen Spannungen betrieben.

In der ersten Kiste wird das Heizelement mit einer Spannung von betrieben. Das gesamte Eis in der Kiste schmilzt dann in Minuten. An das Heizelement der zweiten Kiste wird eine Spannung von angelegt, woraufhin das Eis in nur Minuten vollständig schmilzt. In der dritten Kiste wird für das Heizelement eine Spannung von verwendet.

Die Heizelemente sind so konstruiert, dass sie die gesamte Eismasse in der jeweiligen Kiste gleichzeitig heizen. Nimm an, dass das Schmelzwasser nicht durch das Heizelement erwärmt wird. Welche der folgenden Aussagen ist dann für das Schmelzen des Eises in der dritten Kiste zutreffend?

  • (A) Zum Schmelzen des gesamten Eises in der dritten Kiste werden etwa Minuten benötigt.
  • (B) Zum Schmelzen des gesamten Eises in der dritten Kiste werden etwa Minuten benötigt.
  • (C) Zum Schmelzen des gesamten Eises in der dritten Kiste werden etwa Minuten benötigt.
  • (D) Mit der verwendeten Spannung ist es nicht möglich, das gesamte Eis zu schmelzen.

Problem (English translation). On a cold winter’s day, there are three identical, non-insulated wooden boxes in front of the house, each filled with the same amount of ice at a temperature of . To melt the ice, an electric heating element is placed in each of the boxes. The heating elements are identical, but are operated with different voltages.

In the first box, the heating element is operated with a voltage of . All of the ice in the box will then melt in minutes. A voltage of is applied to the heating element of the second box, whereupon the ice completely melts in just minutes. In the third box, a voltage of is used for the heating element.

The heating elements are designed in such a way that they heat the entire mass of ice in the respective box at the same time. Assume that the meltwater is not being heated by the heating element. Which of the following statements is then true for the melting of the ice in the third box?

  • (A) It takes about minutes to melt all of the ice in the third box.
  • (B) It takes about minutes to melt all of the ice in the third box.
  • (C) It will take about minutes to melt all of the ice in the third box.
  • (D) With the voltage used, it is not possible to melt all of the ice.

Topic: Thermodynamics, Circuits Metodi: Energy Conservation Method, Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning, Mathematical Modeling Objects: Resistor, Container Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.4

**Testione 10 Fusione di ghiaccio (Testione MC) **

Deutscher. An einem kalten Wintertag stehen drei identische, nicht isolierte Holzkisten vor dem Haus, die jeweils mit der gleichen Menge Eis der Temperatur befüllt werden. Per far fondere il ghiaccio, viene inserito un elemento elettrico di riscaldamento in ciascuna delle scatole. Gli elementi di riscaldamento sono identici, ma sono operati con tensioni diverse.

Nella prima casella, il caldaio è operato con una tensione . Tutto il ghiaccio nella scatola si scioglie in minuti. All’elemento di riscaldamento della seconda scatola viene applicata una tensione , che completa il ghiaccio in soli minuti. Nella terza casella viene utilizzata una tensione per il caldo.

Gli elementi di riscaldamento sono progettati per riscaldare contemporaneamente l’intera massa di ghiaccio nella cassa. Supponiamo che l’acqua in fumo non si riscalda attraverso l’elemento termico. Quale delle seguenti affermazioni è quindi corretta per il fuso dell’acqua in questa terza scatola?

  • (A) Per fondere l’intero ghiaccio nella terza scatola occorrono circa minuti.
  • (B) Per fondere l’intero ghiaccio nella terza scatola occorrono circa minuti.
  • (C) Per fondere l’intero ghiaccio nella terza scatola occorrono circa minuti.
  • (D) Con la tensione utilizzata non è possibile fondere l’intero ghiaccio.

Problem (English translation). On a cold winter’s day, there are three identical, non-insulated wooden boxes in front of the house, each filled with the same amount of ice at a temperature of . Per fondere il ghiaccio, un elemento di riscaldamento elettrico viene posto in ciascuna delle scatole. Gli elementi di riscaldamento sono identici, ma sono operati con voltaggi diversi.

In the first box, the heating element is operated with a voltage of . All of the ice in the box si scioglierà in minuti. Un voltage di viene applicato all’elemento di riscaldamento della seconda scatola, in cui il ghiaccio si scioglie completamente in appena minuti. In the third box, a voltage of is used for the heating element.

Gli elementi di riscaldamento sono progettati in modo da riscaldare l’intera massa di ghiaccio nella rispettiva scatola allo stesso tempo. Supponiamo che l’acqua meltante non sia riscaldata dall’elemento riscaldante. Quale delle seguenti affermazioni è quindi vero per il melting of the ice in the third box?

  • (A) It takes about minutes to melt all of the ice in the third box.
  • (B) It takes about minutes to melt all of the ice in the third box.
  • (C) It will take about minutes to melt all of the ice in the third box.
  • (D) Con la tensione utilizzata, non è possibile fondere tutto il ghiaccio.

Topic: Thermodynamics, Circuits Metodi: Energy Conservation Method, Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning, Mathematical Modeling Objects: Resistor, Container Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.4

The following is the list of the main types of ice cream:

On a cold winter’s day, three identical, non-isolated wooden boxes are placed in front of the house, each filled with the same amount of ice of temperature. To melt the ice, an electric heating element is placed in each of the boxes. The heating elements are identical but operate at different voltages.

In the first box, the heating element is operated at a voltage of . The entire ice in the box will melt in minutes. A voltage of is applied to the heating element of the second box, after which the ice completely melts in only minutes. In the third box, a voltage of is used for the heating element.

The heating elements are designed to heat the entire ice mass in the box at the same time. Assume that the meltwater is not heated by the heating element. Which of the following is then true of the melting of ice in the third box?

  • (A) It takes about minutes to melt the entire ice in the third box.
  • (B) It takes about minutes to melt the entire ice in the third box.
  • (C) It takes about minutes to melt the entire ice in the third box.
  • (D) With the voltage used, it is not possible to melt the entire ice.

On a cold winter’s day, there are three identical, non-insulated wooden boxes in front of the house, each filled with the same amount of ice at a temperature of . To melt the ice, an electric heating element is placed in each of the boxes. The heating elements are identical, but are operated with different voltages.

In the first box, the heating element is operated with a voltage of . All of the ice in the box will then melt in minutes. A voltage of is applied to the heating element of the second box, whereupon the ice melts completely in just minutes. In the third box, a voltage of is used for the heating element.

The heating elements are designed in such a way that they heat the entire mass of ice in the respective box at the same time. Assume that the meltwater is not being heated by the heating element. Which of the following statements is then true for the melting of the ice in the third box?

  • (A) It takes about minutes to melt all of the ice in the third box.
  • (B) It takes about minutes to melt all of the ice in the third box.
  • (C) It will take about minutes to melt all of the ice in the third box.
  • (D) With the voltage used, it’s not possible to melt all of the ice.

Topic: Thermodynamics, Circuits Metodi: Energy Conservation Method, Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning, Mathematical Modeling Objects: Resistor, Container Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.4

Aufgabe 11 — Kondensatorentladung

Deutscher. Ein geladener Kondensator wird über einen unbekannten Widerstand entladen. In der linken der unten stehenden Tabellen ist der Entladestrom des Kondensators in Abhängigkeit von der Zeit aufgeführt.

In einem zweiten Versuch wird der erneut geladene Kondensator über den unbekannten Widerstand in Reihe mit einem Vorwiderstand von entladen. Die entsprechenden Werte für den Entladestrom sind in der rechten Tabelle aufgeführt.

Bestimme aus den Messwerten sowohl die Kapazität des Kondensators als auch den Widerstandswert des unbekannten Widerstandes. Erstelle dazu einen geeigneten Graphen.

Hinweis: Es ist nicht bekannt, auf welche Spannungen der Kondensator in den beiden Versuchen aufgeladen wurde. Insbesondere können die Spannungen in beiden Versuchen unterschiedlich sein.

(Le due tabelle dei dati di scarica — vs.\ per l’esperimento 1 e per l’esperimento 2 — sono figure vettoriali embedded nel PDF; fare riferimento alla pagina PDF originale.)

Problem (English translation). A charged capacitor is discharged through an unknown resistor. The left of the tables below shows the discharge current of the capacitor as a function of the time .

In a second attempt, the recharged capacitor is discharged via the unknown resistor in series with a series resistor of . The corresponding values for the discharge current are listed in the table on the right.

Determine both the capacitance of the capacitor and the resistance value of the unknown resistor from the measured values. Create a suitable graph for this.

Note: It is not known to which voltages the capacitor was charged in the two experiments. In particular, the voltages in the two tests can be different.


Topic: Circuits Metodi: Graph Linearization, Experimental Data Analysis, Differential Equations Competenze: Graph Linearization, Experimental Data Analysis Objects: Capacitor, Resistor Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.5

Tasso 11 Discarico del condensatore

German. Un condensatore carico viene scaricato con una resistenza sconosciuta. Nella parte sinistra delle tabelle riportate sotto è indicato il flusso di scarica del condensatore, a seconda del tempo .

In un secondo tentativo, il condensatore ricaricato viene scaricato su una resistenza sconosciuta in serie con una resistenza di . I valori di scarica corrispondenti sono riportati nella tabella a destra.

Determina, utilizzando i valori di misurazione, sia la capacità del condensatore che il resistore di resistenza sconosciuta. Crea un grafico appropriato.

Nota: non è noto a quali tensioni il condensatore è stato caricato in entrambi i test. In particolare, le tensioni possono essere diverse in entrambi i tentativi.

(La due tabella dei dati di scarica vs.\ per l’esperimento 1 e per l’esperimento 2 sono figure vettoriali emettite nel PDF; fare riferimento alla pagina PDF originale.)

Problema (English translation). Un capacitore carico è scaricato attraverso un resistore sconosciuto. La sinistra delle tabelle di seguito mostra il discharge current del condensatore come funzione del tempo .

In un secondo tentativo, il condensatore ricaricato viene scaricato via l’unknown resistor in series with a series resistor of . I corrispondenti valori per la corrente di scarico sono elencati nella tabella a destra.

Determina sia la capacitance del condensatore che il valore di resistenza dell’incognito resistore dai valori misurati. Creare un grafico adatto per questo.

Nota: non è noto a quali voltaggi il condensatore è stato caricato nei due esperimenti. In particolare, le tensioni nei due test possono essere diverse.


Topic: Circuits Metodi: Graph Linearization, Experimental Data Analysis, Differential Equations Competenze: Graph Linearization, Experimental Data Analysis Objects: Capacitor, Resistor Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.5

The following is the list of the types of electrical equipment used:

German. A charged capacitor is discharged via an unknown resistance. The output current of the capacitor is shown in the left of the tables below depending on the time .

In a second attempt, the recharged capacitor is unloaded over the unknown resistor in a row with a pre-resistance of . The corresponding values for the discharge current are given in the table on the right.

Determine both the capacitance of the capacitor and the resistance of the unknown resistance from the measurement values. Make a suitable graph for this.

Note:** It is not known to which voltages the capacitor was charged in the two tests. In particular, the voltages in both trials may be different.

The second table of data from the scarica vs.\ per l’esperimento 1 e per l’esperimento 2 sono figure vettoriali embedded in the PDF; fare riferimento alla pagina PDF original.)

Problem (English translation). A charged capacitor is discharged through an unknown resistor. The left of the tables below shows the discharge current of the capacitor as a function of the time .

In a second attempt, the recharged capacitor is discharged via the unknown resistor in series with a series resistor of . The corresponding values for the discharge current are listed in the table on the right.

Determine both the capacitance of the capacitor and the resistance value of the unknown resistor from the measured values. Create a suitable graph for this.

Note: It is not known to which voltages the capacitor was charged in the two experiments. In particular, the voltages in the two tests can be different.


Topic: Circuits Metodi: Graph Linearization, Experimental Data Analysis, Differential Equations Competenze: Graph Linearization, Experimental Data Analysis Objects: Capacitor, Resistor Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.5

Aufgabe 12 — Supernova in Barnards Galaxie

Deutscher. Bei einer Supernova in Barnards Galaxie, einer Nachbargalaxie unserer Milchstraße, gehen ein Photon und ein Proton gleichzeitig auf die Reise zur Erde. Dort wird das Proton Stunden später registriert als das Photon. Die Gesamtenergie des Protons beträgt

  • (A) Zeige, dass die Gesamtenergie des Protons etwa das -fache seiner Ruheenergie beträgt.
  • (B) Berechne, in welcher Entfernung von der Erde die Supernova stattfand. Gib dein Ergebnis in Lichtjahren an.
  • (C) Bestimme, wie lange die Reise des Protons in seinem Bezugssystem gedauert hat.

Problem (English translation). In the case of a supernova in Barnard’s galaxy, a neighboring galaxy to our Milky Way, a photon and a proton travel to Earth at the same time. There the proton is registered hours later than the photon. The total energy of the proton is

  • (A) Show that the total energy of the proton is about times its rest energy.
  • (B) Calculate the distance from the earth at which the supernova took place. Give your result in light years.
  • (C) Determine how long the proton’s journey took in its frame of reference.

Topic: Special Relativity, Astrophysics Metodi: Relativistic Energy-Momentum, Lorentz Transformation, Mass-Energy Equivalence Competenze: Mathematical Modeling, Physical Reasoning Objects: Photon, Star Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.6

Aufgabe 12 — Supernova in Barnards Galaxie

Deutscher. Bei einer Supernova in Barnards Galaxie, einer Nachbargalaxie unserer Milchstraße, gehen ein Photon und ein Proton gleichzeitig auf die Reise zur Erde. Dort wird das Proton Stunden später registriert als das Photon. L’energia totale del protone è

  • (A) Indicare che l’energia totale del protone è circa volte la sua energia di riposo.
  • (B) Calcolare la distanza dalla Terra alla quale si è verificata la supernova. Indica il tuo risultato in anni luce.
  • (C) Determina quanto tempo ha durato il viaggio del protone nel suo sistema di riferimento.

Problem (English translation). In the case of a supernova in Barnard’s galaxy, a neighboring galaxy to our Milky Way, a photon and a proton travel to Earth at the same time. There the proton is registered hours later than the photon. L’energia totale del protone è

  • (A) Mostra che l’energia totale del protone è circa volte la sua energia residuale.
  • (B) Calcolare la distanza dalla terra a cui si è verificata la supernova. Date il vostro risultato in anni luce.
  • (C) Determina quanto tempo il viaggio del protone ha impiegato nel suo frame of reference.

Topic: Special Relativity, Astrophysics Metodi: Relativistic Energy-Momentum, Lorentz Transformation, Mass-Energy Equivalence Competenze: Mathematical Modeling, Physical Reasoning Objects: Photon, Star Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.6

Aufgabe 12 — Supernova in Barnards Galaxie

Deutscher. Bei einer Supernova in Barnards Galaxie, einer Nachbargalaxie unserer Milchstraße, gehen ein Photon und ein Proton gleichzeitig auf die Reise zur Erde. Dort wird das Proton Stunden später registriert als das Photon. The total energy of the proton is

  • (A) Show that the total energy of the proton is about times its rest energy.
  • (B) Calculate the distance from Earth to which the supernova occurred. Give your result in light years.
  • (C) Determine how long the proton has travelled in its reference system.

Problem (English translation). In the case of a supernova in Barnard’s galaxy, a neighboring galaxy to our Milky Way, a photon and a proton travel to Earth at the same time. There the proton is registered hours later than the photon. The total energy of the proton is

  • (A) Show that the total energy of the proton is about times its rest energy.
  • (B) Calculate the distance from the earth at which the supernova occurred. Give your result in light years.
  • (C) Determine how long the proton’s journey took in its frame of reference.

Topic: Special Relativity, Astrophysics Metodi: Relativistic Energy-Momentum, Lorentz Transformation, Mass-Energy Equivalence Competenze: Mathematical Modeling, Physical Reasoning Objects: Photon, Star Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.6

Aufgabe 13 — Aufsteigende Luftpakete und Quellwolken

Deutscher. Früh an einem Sommermorgen beträgt die Lufttemperatur am Boden . Mit der Höhe über dem Boden nimmt die Temperatur ab und zwar näherungsweise um pro Höhe. Nimm an, dass diese Temperaturschichtung der Umgebungsluft über den gesamten Tag konstant bleibt.

Durch die Sonneneinstrahlung werden im Laufe des Vormittages Luftpakete am Boden erwärmt und steigen nach oben. Beim Aufsteigen dehnen sich diese Pakete aus und kühlen durch die dabei verrichtete Arbeit ab. Die Abkühlungsrate der Luftpakete beträgt . Die Luftpakete steigen nicht weiter auf, wenn ihre Temperatur gleich der Temperatur der umgebenden Luft ist.

  • (A) Betrachte ein Luftpaket, das am Boden eine Temperatur von besitzt. Zeichne in einem gemeinsamen Graphen sowohl die Temperatur der Umgebungsluft als auch die des aufsteigenden Luftpaketes in Abhängigkeit von der Höhe über dem Erdboden ein. Trage dabei die Höhe auf der vertikalen Achse auf. Bestimme aus dem Graphen oder rechnerisch, bis in welche Höhe das Luftpaket aufsteigt.

Wenn die Temperatur in den Luftpaketen den sogenannten Taupunkt erreicht, beginnt die in der Luft enthaltene Feuchtigkeit zu kondensieren und es bilden sich Wolken. Der Taupunkt ist dabei die Temperatur, auf die man Luft einer bestimmten Luftfeuchtigkeit bei konstantem Druck abkühlen muss, damit Kondensation einsetzt. Der Taupunkt ist druckabhängig und ändert sich daher ebenfalls mit der Höhe über dem Boden. Nimm an, dass der Taupunkt in den Luftpaketen an der Erdoberfläche bei liegt und mit der Höhe um abnimmt.

  • (B) Im Verlauf des Vormittags zeigen sich die ersten Quellwolken. Bestimme die Temperatur der Luftpakete am Boden bei Auftreten der ersten Quellwolken.

Durch die bei der Kondensation frei werdende Kondensationswärme verringert sich die Abkühlungsrate der aufsteigenden Luftpakete auf . Am Nachmittag beträgt die Temperatur der Luftpakete an der Erdoberfläche und der Taupunkt liegt immer noch bei . Am Himmel sind nun einige Quellwolken zu sehen.

  • (C) Bestimme, in welcher Höhe sich die Unterseite der Wolken befindet und bis in welche Höhe.

Problem (English translation). Early on a summer morning, the air temperature on the ground is . With the altitude above the ground, the temperature decreases by approximately per of altitude (environmental lapse rate ). Assume that this temperature stratification of the ambient air remains constant throughout the day.

In the course of the morning, air parcels on the ground are warmed up by the sun’s rays and rise. As they ascend, these packets expand and cool due to the work done. The dry adiabatic lapse rate of the air parcels is . The air parcels do not rise any further when their temperature equals the temperature of the surrounding air.

  • (A) Consider an air parcel that has a temperature of on the ground. Draw both the temperature of the ambient air and that of the rising air parcel in a common graph as a function of the height above the ground, with height on the vertical axis. Determine from the graph or by calculation the height to which the air parcel rises.

When the temperature in the air parcels reaches the so-called dew point, the moisture in the air begins to condense and clouds form. The dew point is the temperature to which air of a certain humidity must be cooled at constant pressure in order for condensation to set in. The dew point is pressure-dependent and therefore also changes with the height above the ground. Assume that the dew point in the air parcels at the Earth’s surface is and decreases with height at a rate .

  • (B) The first cumulus clouds appear in the course of the morning. Determine the temperature of the air parcels on the ground when the first cumulus clouds appear.

The heat of condensation released during condensation reduces the cooling rate of the rising air parcels to the saturated adiabatic lapse rate . In the afternoon, the temperature of the air parcels at the Earth’s surface is and the dew point is still . Some cumulus clouds can now be seen in the sky.

  • (C) Determine at what height the bottom of the clouds is located and up to what height the clouds extend.

Topic: Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics Metodi: First Law of Thermodynamics, Approximation & Series Expansion, Physical Modeling Competenze: Mathematical Modeling, Physical Reasoning, Diagrammatic Reasoning Objects:Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.6

Tasso 13 Pacchi di aria ascendenti e nuvole di sorgente

German. Prima di un mattino di estate la temperatura dell’aria sul suolo è . Con l’altezza del suolo, la temperatura diminuisce di per . Supponiamo che questa stratificazione della temperatura dell’aria ambiente rimanga costante durante tutto il giorno.

Il sole, durante la mattinata, scalda i pacchetti d’aria sul suolo e si alza. Quando si alza, questi pacchetti si allungano e si raffreddano grazie al lavoro che si fa. Il tasso di raffreddamento degli air bag è . I pacchetti d’aria non aumentano se la loro temperatura è pari alla temperatura dell’aria circostante.

  • (A) Considerare un pacchetto d’aria con una temperatura di sul suolo. In un grafico comune, registrare sia la temperatura dell’aria che quella dell’aria ascendente, a seconda dell’altezza del suolo. In questo modo, inserisci l’altezza sull’asse verticale. Determina dal grafico o calcolatamente fino a che altezza il pacchetto d’aria salire.

Quando la temperatura dell’aria raggiunge il punto di scottamento, l’umidità dell’aria inizia a condensi e si formano nuvole. Il punto di scottamento è la temperatura alla quale è necessario raffreddare l’aria di una determinata umidità a pressione costante per utilizzare la condensazione. Il punto di immersione è pressurizzato e quindi varia anche con l’altezza del suolo. Supponiamo che il punto di scarico sia nella superficie del pacco aereo e diminuisca con l’altezza.

  • (B) Nel corso della mattina si presentano le prime nuvole di sorgente. Determina la temperatura dei pacchetti d’aria sul suolo quando si presentano le prime nuvole di sorgente.

Il calore di condensazione rilasciato durante la condensazione riduce il tasso di raffreddamento degli air bag ascendenti a . In pomeriggio, la temperatura del pacchetto d’aria sulla superficie è e il punto di scarico è ancora . Ora si possono vedere nel cielo alcune nuvole di sorgente.

  • (C) Determinazione dell’altezza e della portata del fondo delle nuvole.

Problema (Inglese translation). In anticipo in una mattina estiva, la temperatura dell’aria sul terreno è . Con l’altitudine sopra il terreno, la temperatura diminuisce di circa per di altitudine (environmental lapse rate ). Supponiamo che questa stratificazione della temperatura dell’aria ambientale rimanga costante durante tutto il giorno.

Nel corso della mattina, i pacchetti d’aria sul terreno sono riscaldati dai raggi del sole e nascono. Mentre ascendono, questi pacchetti si espandono e si raffreddano a causa del lavoro fatto. Il tasso di perdita adiabatica secca dei pacchetti d’aria è . Le parcelle d’aria non aumentano più quando la loro temperatura è uguale alla temperatura dell’aria circostante.

  • Considerare un parcello d’aria che ha una temperatura di sul terreno. Disegnare sia la temperatura dell’aria ambientale che quella dell’aria crescente in un grafico comune come funzione dell’altezza sopra il terreno, con altezza sull’asse verticale. Determine dal grafico o calcolando l’altezza alla quale l’aria del pacco sale.

Quando la temperatura negli air parcels raggiunge il cosiddetto dew point, l’umidità nell’aria inizia a condensi e formano nuvole. Il dew point è la temperatura alla quale l’aria di una certa umidità deve essere raffreddata a pressione costante per ottenere la condensazione. Il punto di rugiada è pressuribondo e quindi cambia anche con l’altezza sopra il suolo. Supponiamo che il punto di rugiada nell’aria che si trova sulla superficie della Terra sia e diminuisca con altezza a un ritmo .

  • (B) Le prime nuvole cumulative appaiono nel corso della mattina. Determina la temperatura degli air parcels on the ground when the first cumulus clouds appear.

Il calore di condensazione rilasciato durante la condensazione riduce il tasso di raffreddamento dei parcelle di aria in aumento al tasso di lapse adiabatico saturo . Nel pomeriggio, la temperatura dell’aria a terra è e il punto di rugiada è ancora . Alcune nuvole cumulative possono essere viste nel cielo.

  • (C) Determina a che altezza si trova il fondo delle nuvole e fino a che altezza si estendono le nuvole.

Topic: Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics Metodi: First Law of Thermodynamics, Approximation & Series Expansion, Physical Modeling Competenze: Mathematical Modeling, Physical Reasoning, Diagrammatic Reasoning Objects:Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.6

The following is the list of the airlines that are responsible for the operation of the airline:

Early on a summer morning, the air temperature on the ground is . The temperature decreases with the height above the ground by approximately per height. Assume that this temperature layer of ambient air remains constant throughout the day.

During the morning, the sun’s radiation warms air packets on the ground and rises them. As you ascend, these packets expand and cool down because of the work you do. The cooling rate of air packages is . Air packets do not rise further if their temperature is equal to the temperature of the surrounding air.

  • (A) Consider an air package with a temperature of at the ground. Record in a common graph both the ambient air temperature and the air as it rises depending on the altitude above the ground. The height shall be on the vertical axis. Determine from the graph or computationally to what height the air package rises.

When the air packets reach the so-called dew point, the moisture in the air begins to condense and clouds form. The dew point is the temperature at which air of a particular humidity must be cooled at constant pressure to use condensation. The dive point is pressure dependent and therefore also changes with the altitude above the ground. Assume that the dew point in the air packets on the ground surface is and decreases by with altitude.

  • (B) In the morning, the first clouds of clouds appear. Determine the temperature of the air packets on the ground at the onset of the first source clouds.

The condensation heat released during condensation reduces the cooling rate of the ascending air packages to . In the afternoon, the temperature of the air packets on the earth’s surface is and the dew point is still . There are now some clouds of clouds in the sky.

  • (C) Determine the altitude and extent of the bottom of the clouds.

Problem (English translation). Early on a summer morning, the air temperature on the ground is . With the altitude above the ground, the temperature decreases by approximately per of altitude (environmental lapse rate ). Assume that this temperature stratification of the ambient air remains constant throughout the day.

In the course of the morning, air parcels on the ground are warmed up by the sun’s rays and rise. As they ascend, these packets expand and cool due to the work done. The dry adiabatic lapse rate of the air parcels is . The air parcels do not rise any further when their temperature equals the temperature of the surrounding air.

  • (A) Consider an air parcel that has a temperature of on the ground. Draw both the temperature of the ambient air and that of the rising air parcel in a common graph as a function of the height above the ground, with height on the vertical axis. Determine from the graph or by calculation the height to which the air parcel rises.

When the temperature in the air parcels reaches the so-called dew point, the moisture in the air begins to condense and clouds form. The dew point is the temperature at which air of a certain humidity must be cooled at constant pressure in order for condensation to set in. The dew point is pressure-dependent and therefore also changes with the height above the ground. Assume that the dew point in the air parcels at the Earth’s surface is and decreases with height at a rate .

  • (B) The first cumulus clouds appear in the course of the morning. Determine the temperature of the air parcels on the ground when the first cumulus clouds appear.

The heat of condensation released during condensation reduces the cooling rate of the rising air parcels to the saturated adiabatic lapse rate . In the afternoon, the temperature of the air parcels at the Earth’s surface is and the dew point is still . Some cumulus clouds can now be seen in the sky.

  • (C) Determine at what height the bottom of the clouds is located and up to what height the clouds extend.

Topic: Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics Metodi: First Law of Thermodynamics, Approximation & Series Expansion, Physical Modeling Competenze: Mathematical Modeling, Physical Reasoning, Diagrammatic Reasoning Objects:Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.6