India 2024 '' — NSEB_2024_Question.pdf

Fonte: gare di altri paesi/India/biologia/NSEB_2024_Question.pdf · Apri PDF

Nota: Questo file è la National Standard Examination in Biology (NSEB) 2024, un esame di biologia (non fisica). Contiene 60 domande a risposta multipla di biologia: ecologia, genetica, biochimica, fisiologia, biologia cellulare, biologia evolutiva. Le etichette Topic/Metodi/Competenze sono assegnate dal vocabolario di fisica disponibile, usato solo dove esiste una sovrapposizione ragionevole.

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Problema 1

A realized niche is the space occupied by a species under real-world conditions. Identify the factors that influence the establishment of the realised niche of a species.

(i) interspecific competition. (ii) predation. (iii) availability of resources. (iv) intraspecific competition.

Choose the correct option:

(a) (i) and (iii) only (b) (ii), (iii), and (iv) only (c) (i), (iii) and (iv) only (d) (i), (ii), and (iii) only

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.3

Problema 2

A study conducted to analyse the foraging strategies of house sparrow compared observations on sparrow populations in rural and urban surroundings. The image below depicts the findings.

The Marginal Value Theorem says that animals must forage by using the most economic and efficient strategy that will balance energy gain and consumption. Which of the following interpretations of the study results support the theorem?

(a) The foraging distances in urban environs are shorter while those of rural environs are longer. (b) The sparrows spent more time foraging in urban environs due to more “artificial habitats” in urban environs. (c) The sparrows spent less time foraging in urban areas where resources are at larger distances. (d) Rural environs with “more natural” habitats offer lesser resources at shorter distances.

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Topic: Conservation of Energy Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.3

Problema 3

Which of the following cannot be considered an advantage of the efficient photosynthetic pathway for the fixation of atmospheric carbon dioxide in ${\text{C}}_4$ plants?

(a) It facilitates adaptation to arid conditions. (b) It facilitates adaptation to high temperatures. (c) It facilitates lower energy cost per ${\text{CO}}_2$ fixed. (d) It facilitates survival in marginal environments.

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Topic: Thermodynamics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.3

Problema 4

Like the bony skeletons in vertebrates, haemolymph hydraulics enables some invertebrates in locomotion. Which of the following animals uses haemolymph hydraulics for locomotion?

(a) Grasshopper (b) Spider (c) Crab (d) Octopus

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Topic: Fluid Mechanics Metodi: Hydrostatic Equilibrium Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.3

Problema 5

Which of the following has a turnover time equal to the lifetime of humans?

(a) Lens of the eye (b) Sperm cells (c) Muscle cells of ribs (d) Hepatocytes

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Topic: Order-of-Magnitude Estimation Metodi: Order-of-Magnitude Estimation Competenze: Estimation & Approximation Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.4

Problema 6

The population of Medium Ground Finch (Geospiza fortis) on Santa Cruz Island of the Galapagos features mainly large and small beak size morphs, with relatively few intermediates. The figures (a) and (b) below depict the pairing patterns in two different breeding seasons. Male and female “beak PC1” values are Principal Component 1 indices derived based on beak length, depth and width.

Which of the following interpretations is correct?

(a) This type of breeding indicates a reproductive isolation purely of allopatric origin. (b) There is disruptive selection in sympatry against birds with intermediate beak sizes. (c) The pairing pattern indicates a selection pressure for intermediate beak sizes. (d) The trend in the pairing patterns seen in two seasons indicates an efficient reproductive isolation between the morphs.

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Experimental Data Analysis Competenze: Experimental Data Analysis Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.4

Problema 7

If one starts with $10,000$ ($10^4$) bacterial cells in a culture that has a generation time of 2 hours, what would be the magnitude (ten-fold) of increase in cell number at 4 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours respectively?

(a) Less than 1, 4, and 7 (b) 1, 3, and 7 (c) Less than 1, 5, and 9 (d) 4, 16 and 49

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Topic: Order-of-Magnitude Estimation Metodi: Order-of-Magnitude Estimation, Approximation & Series Expansion Competenze: Estimation & Approximation, Mathematical Modeling Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.4

Problema 8

If atmospheric $P_{{\text{O}}_2}$ is 130 mmHg and alveolar $P_{{\text{O}}_2}$ of a person is 85 mmHg, which of the following is most likely correct?

(a) The person is suffering from lung dysfunction. (b) The person is respiring at high altitude. (c) The partial pressure of oxygen in pulmonary arteries for the person must be between 60–130 mmHg. (d) The partial pressure of oxygen in pulmonary veins for the person must be between 40–60 mmHg.

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Topic: Kinetic Theory Metodi: Ideal Gas Law, Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.4

Problema 9

Consider the following pathway involving glycolysis that further leads to the citric acid (TCA) cycle (PFK = Phosphofructokinase):

$\text{Glucose}\to {\text{F-6-PO}}_4\stackrel{\text{PFK}}{\to }{\text{F1,6,bisP O}}_4\to \to \to \text{Pyruvate}\to \text{Acetyl CoA}\to \text{TCA Cycle}$

Which of the following molecules are likely to act as activators and inhibitors respectively of the enzyme PFK?

(a) Citrate and ATP (b) AMP and ADP (c) ATP and citrate (d) AMP and citrate

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Topic: Thermodynamics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.4

Problema 10

The gastrointestinal tracts with some associated organs are shown in the diagrams below. The names of the organs marked I, II and III respectively are:

(a) Duodenum, gall bladder and cardiac stomach (b) Gall bladder, intestinal diverticulum and pyloric stomach (c) Pancreas, caecum and gizzard (d) Pancreas, intestinal diverticulum and stomach

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Diagrammatic Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.5

Problema 11

Coelom is the fluid-filled space between the body wall and the digestive system. Its absence or presence significantly influences classification of animals. The schematic diagrams (i), (ii), and (iii) below depict three different variations in the coelomic condition. Select the correct sequence of animal groups to respectively match the coelomic types (i), (ii) and (iii).

(a) Annelids, Roundworms and Flatworms (b) Roundworms, Flatworms and Annelids (c) Flatworms, Roundworms and Annelids (d) Annelids, Flatworms and Roundworms

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Diagrammatic Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.5

Problema 12

One of the portal systems evolved in lower vertebrates is to help drain the muscular hind legs. The image below depicts that portal system in the red-eared terrapin (Trachemys scripta elegans), a freshwater turtle and the most commonly kept pet reptile. The organ marked ”●” is ____________________.

(a) Lymph node (b) Kidney (c) Testis (d) Liver

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Topic: Fluid Mechanics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Diagrammatic Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.5

Problema 13

pH difference across the inner mitochondrial membrane over time in an actively respiring cell is shown in the graph. The likely effects of addition of P and Q to the cell at the time indicated by the arrow are also shown. Which of the following statements is correct?

(a) P is likely to be an ATP synthase inhibitor. (b) Q is likely to be a cytochrome inhibitor. (c) P is likely to be a metabolic activator. (d) Q is likely to be an activator of anaerobic respiration.

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Topic: Thermodynamics Metodi: Experimental Data Analysis, Physical Modeling Competenze: Graph Linearization, Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.6

Problema 14

Siamese cats show a mutated enzyme tyrosinase (required for the synthesis of melanin) that is active only below a temperature of $33{}^{\circ }\text{C}$. Based on this information, which of the following is likely to be correct?

(a) Newly born Siamese kittens are likely to be creamy or white in colour. (b) As the young grow to adulthood, mainly their belly portions are likely to turn dark. (c) Newly born Siamese kittens are likely to show darker nose, paws, and ears than the rest of the body as compared to adults. (d) The body of the Siamese cat is likely to be darker in summer as compared to the winter season.

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Topic: Thermodynamics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.6

Problema 15

Phylogenetic classification of five animal phyla is shown below.

Which of the following options correctly identifies the characteristics associated with labels 1 to 4?

(a) 1 is Bilateral symmetry and 3 is Protostomy (b) 3 is Diploblasty and 4 is Triploblasty (c) 1 is Bilateral symmetry and 2 is Deuterostomy (d) 2 is Protostomy and 3 is Spiral cleavage

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Diagrammatic Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.6

Problema 16

Among several excretory products of animals, P, Q and R are tabulated along with their properties:

Properties	P	Q	R
Toxicity	+++	++	+
Energy cost	+	++	+++
Water loss during excretion	+++	++	+

Waste product P most likely is:

(a) Urea (b) Carbon dioxide (c) Uric acid (d) Ammonia

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Topic: Thermodynamics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.6

Problema 17

Weight-specific oxygen consumption and body surface area to volume ($S/V$) ratio of three animals (X, Y and Z) is depicted in the graph. X, Y and Z respectively indicate:

(a) Elephant, human, dog (b) Shrew, sheep, cat (c) Mouse, sheep, elephant (d) Horse, dog, cat

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Topic: Order-of-Magnitude Estimation Metodi: Order-of-Magnitude Estimation, Experimental Data Analysis Competenze: Graph Linearization, Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.6

Problema 18

In the event of a bat attack, tiger moths show three different types of responses. Some tiger moths show warning colouration indicating their toxic chemical defence, while some moths produce clicking sounds to jam a bat’s sonar. Some moths show acoustic startling responses to deter the attacking bats. Scientists experimented with a bat colony that had not been exposed to these moths. When they studied the moth capture rate against each of these moth responses over the night, the following data was obtained.

Which of the following can be deduced from these results?

(a) P indicates response to jamming behaviour. (b) Q indicates response to acoustic startle behaviour. (c) R indicates bats’ response to warning colouration for chemical toxicity. (d) R indicates control behavior of bats in the absence of all three types of moth behaviour.

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Experimental Data Analysis Competenze: Experimental Data Analysis, Graph Linearization Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.7

Problema 19

Zebra finches are monogamous birds mainly found in Australia and Indonesia. These birds (both male and female) lack any crest feather (ornamentation) on their head. To study the mate choice behaviour of zebra finches, the following experimental groups of modified individuals were made:

Group	Modification	Mate preference of female offspring
I	Both male and female ornamented and mated.	Ornamented male
II	Only males ornamented and mated with females.	Ornamented male
III	Only females ornamented and mated with males.	Both preferred equally
IV	Neither sex was ornamented and mated.	Both preferred equally

The results indicate that:

(a) Ornamentation of crest on either parent influences mate choice. (b) Mate choice behavior is genetically determined and cannot be changed. (c) Mate choice is influenced by imprinting. (d) Mate choice behavior is dictated by presence or absence of ornamentation of female parent.

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Experimental Data Analysis Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.7

Problema 20

How many times does the megaspore mother cell nucleus divide until the formation of the female gametophyte in angiosperms?

(a) 5 (b) 11 (c) 4 (d) 8

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Topic: Order-of-Magnitude Estimation Metodi: Order-of-Magnitude Estimation Competenze: Mathematical Modeling Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.7

Problema 21

Consider a germ cell having 3 pairs of homologous chromosomes. After meiotic division, how many possible combinations of chromosomes will be found in egg cells?

(a) 8 (b) 16 (c) 6 (d) 9

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Topic: Order-of-Magnitude Estimation Metodi: Order-of-Magnitude Estimation Competenze: Mathematical Modeling Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.7

Problema 22

On a rocky intertidal habitat, a sea star (Pisaster ochraceus) and mussel (Mytilus californianus) are commonly found along with several other smaller-sized species of various animals and algae. When all sea stars were removed from the habitat, the results obtained are depicted in the following graph.

What can be deduced from this data?

(a) Sea star was a likely predator of mussels that overgrew in the habitat in the absence of sea star. (b) Mussels are the keystone species of the habitat. (c) In the absence of sea star, severe competition between the remaining species led to their extinction. (d) Sea star is the dominant competitor for space for all other species thriving in the intertidal zone.

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Experimental Data Analysis Competenze: Experimental Data Analysis, Graph Linearization Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.8

Problema 23

Primary spermatocytes undergo meiotic division to give rise to sperm cells. Nondisjunction of sex chromosomes during this division can lead to male gamete formation with an abnormal number of chromosomes. If such a sperm cell fuses with a normal egg cell, which one of the following genotypes will not be found in the offspring?

(a) XXY (b) XXX (c) XYY (d) YO

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.8

Problema 24

Australian Bush fly lays its eggs in the fresh dung of herbivores. As the dung hardens, no more eggs can be laid. When the eggs hatch, larvae feed on the dung until they pupate in the nearby soil. In an experiment, a fixed volume of cow dung cakes ($2{\text{dm}}^3$) was populated with different numbers of eggs ranging from 1400–4250. Figure 1 shows the percentage of eggs that emerged as adults from each dung cake. Each dot represents a $2{\text{dm}}^3$ dung cake. Figure 2 represents the percentage survival for any original egg number which will give exactly 915 adults. What conclusion can be drawn?

(a) The number of adults emerging from the dung cake of any size is always fixed. (b) Dung cake populated with lesser number of eggs would have given a higher number of adult emergences. (c) Number of adults emerging is fixed if dung cake size is nearly constant. (d) All the eggs laid by bush fly are not viable if the number is above 1400.

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Topic: Order-of-Magnitude Estimation Metodi: Experimental Data Analysis, Graph Linearization Competenze: Experimental Data Analysis, Graph Linearization Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.8

Problema 25

The amount of dead organic matter accumulated on the forest floor at any given point of time differs as one goes from the equator to higher altitudes. The table below represents 4 forest types with the amount of dead organic matter measured per hectare.

Forest type	Mass of dead organic matter (tons/ha)
M	10
N	2
O	85
P	30–45

Which one represents a tropical rain forest?

(a) M (b) N (c) O (d) P

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Topic: Order-of-Magnitude Estimation Metodi: Order-of-Magnitude Estimation Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.9

Problema 26

IUCN has listed several criteria in order to protect areas under the biological diversity hotspots. Some of these criteria are: 1) the area must support 0.5% of the global total plant species ($\approx 300,000$) and 2) the region must have lost more than 70% of its original habitat. Based on this, IUCN has already protected 25 hotspots all over the world.

A researcher comes up with four areas (i, ii, iii and iv) that support several endemic plants and face substantial loss of their natural habitat over a period. Which of these areas can be protected under the global biodiversity hotspots?

Name of area	Number of endemic plant species	Total area of habitat (km${}^2$)	Loss of habitat (km${}^2$)
i	1250	15 000	7 500
ii	1512	80 000	64 000
iii	1525	90 000	62 000
iv	1275	36 000	6 000

(a) i and ii only (b) iii and iv only (c) ii only (d) iii only

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Topic: Order-of-Magnitude Estimation Metodi: Order-of-Magnitude Estimation, Dimensional Analysis Competenze: Mathematical Modeling, Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.9

Problema 27

Reproductive isolating mechanisms play an important role in speciation. One interesting example involves two closely related species of cicadas of the genus Magicicada. Both Magicicada tredecim and Magicicada septendecim spend almost 99% of their lifetime underground in an immature nymph state. They feed on xylem fluids from the roots. Individuals of both populations are developmentally synchronised and in both species, emergence occurs in large numbers. The mature nymph of Magicicada tredecim emerges after 13 years and moults into adult form, whereas Magicicada septendecim emerges after 17 years. Therefore, even though they are closely related and belong to the same habitat, interspecific mating is avoided. This type of reproductive isolation is:

(a) Spatial isolation (b) Temporal isolation (c) Mechanical isolation (d) Behavioural isolation

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.9

Problema 28

Under normal circumstances, the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane allows certain molecules to readily pass through it. Which one is the correct order of molecules with respect to increasing permeability across the membrane?

(a) Vit. A $<$ Ca${}^{2+}$ $<$ Glycerol $<$ Glucose (b) Ca${}^{2+}$ $<$ Glucose $<$ Glycerol $<$ Vit. A (c) Glucose $<$ Glycerol $<$ Vit. A $<$ Ca${}^{2+}$ (d) Glycerol $<$ Vit. A $<$ Ca${}^{2+}$ $<$ Glucose

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.9

Problema 29

An experiment was carried out with a purified extract of a functional protein ribonuclease (R). The following steps were followed:

(i) Extract and purify R from tissue. (ii) Add urea (disrupts ${\text{H}}_2$ and ionic bonds) and mercaptoethanol (disrupts disulphide bridges). (iii) Slowly remove the chemical agents used in the previous step and then check for enzyme activity. (iv) Functional protein detected.

The type of structure(s) of R affected at step (ii) is/are:

(a) 1° and 2° structures (b) 2° and 3° structures (c) 3° structure only (d) 1° structure only

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.10

Problema 30

A few statements regarding ${\text{C}}_3$, ${\text{C}}_4$ and CAM plants are given. Mark the correct statement.

(a) In ${\text{C}}_4$ plants, the ${\text{C}}_4$ and ${\text{C}}_3$ pathways are separated temporally. (b) CAM plants utilise the ${\text{C}}_4$ pathway during the day and the ${\text{C}}_3$ pathway at night. (c) The ${\text{C}}_3$ pathway takes place in the bundle sheath cells of the ${\text{C}}_4$ plants. (d) Both ${\text{C}}_4$ and CAM plants keep their stomata open at night.

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Topic: Thermodynamics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.10

Problema 31

A pedigree for a rare congenital cataract condition is given below.

The most likely mode of transmission of the trait is:

(a) X-linked dominant (b) X-linked recessive (c) Autosomal dominant (d) Autosomal recessive

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Diagrammatic Reasoning, Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.10

Problema 32

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) are differences in DNA sequences due to mutations in restriction sites. These can serve as genetic markers. The RFLP gel patterns for members of a family can be obtained by restriction digestion of the sample containing the alleles for a particular trait and then carrying out electrophoresis, probing and blotting.

Consider the following alleles — P (dominant allele) and p (recessive allele) responsible for an autosomal recessive trait. Note: Arrows indicate restriction sites.

The number of bands that the RFLP profiles of an unaffected, affected and carrier individual for this trait would respectively show is:

(a) 2, 1 and 2 (b) 2, 1 and 3 (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) 1, 1 and 2

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Experimental Data Analysis Competenze: Diagrammatic Reasoning, Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.10

Problema 33

The presence or absence of certain structures in three types of cells is tabulated below.

	Plant	Animal	Bacteria
M	Present	Present	Present
N	Present	Present	Absent
O	Present	Absent	Present

Structures M, N and O could respectively be:

(a) Nucleus, Golgi apparatus and cell membrane (b) Cell wall, endoplasmic reticulum and chloroplast (c) Centrioles, ribosomes and cell wall (d) Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and cell wall

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.11

Problema 34

The sensation of pain and its intensity begins with the peripheral receptors (nociceptors) that are activated by thermal, mechanical, and chemical stimuli. Nociceptors are found in the skin, muscle and viscera. Hyperalgesia refers to an abnormally increased sensitivity to pain, which may be caused by damage to nociceptors or peripheral nerves and can cause hypersensitivity to stimulus. The following graph represents pain intensity as measured against stimulus intensity in two individuals represented by curves P and Q.

Mark the correct statement:

(a) Curve P shows early habituation to pain as compared to Q. (b) Curve Q could be the response in a normal healthy person while curve P could be a victim of platypus venom which is known to cause increased sensitivity to pain. (c) Curve Q shows increased sensitisation to stimulus of the same intensity as compared to that in curve P. (d) It has been observed that long-term opioid usage for treatment of chronic pain leads to hyperalgesia. This can be observed in curve Q.

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Experimental Data Analysis Competenze: Graph Linearization, Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.11

Problema 35

The type of parental care for a particular species of fish, bird and mammal is given below:

Species	Parental care	Mating type
Fish	Male only	X
Bird	Both male and female	Y
Mammal	Female only	Z

Mating systems X, Y and Z respectively, in these species would most likely be:

(a) Polygyny; promiscuous and polyandry (b) Monogamy; Polygyny and monogamy (c) Polyandry; monogamy and polygyny (d) Polyandry; monogamy and polyandry

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.11

Problema 36

Pulse-chase analysis is a commonly used technique to study proteins in the cell. Cultured cells expressing the protein of interest are allowed to take up radioactively labelled amino acids for a brief interval (pulse) during which all the newly synthesised proteins incorporate the label. In an experiment, ${}^3\text{H}$-leucine was added to a cell culture to label secretory proteins in the cell and radioactivity at different locations in the cell was recorded at 5, 10 and 45 minutes after addition. Which organelles respectively will show maximum radioactivity at these time points?

(a) Golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum and secretory granules (b) Secretory granules; endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus (c) Endoplasmic reticulum; secretory granules and Golgi apparatus (d) Endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi apparatus and secretory granules

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Experimental Data Analysis Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.12

Problema 37

Treatment with which type of the following enzymes will be most effective in digesting the basic framework of the myelin sheath around the axons?

(a) Glycosidase (b) Protease (c) Nuclease (d) Lipase

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.12

Problema 38

Modern vascular plants have evolved organs like roots, stems and leaves to support terrestrial life. In evolutionary history, structural modifications are products of natural selection that enable specialised adaptations. Pair the following plants with the plant organs that support an adaptation:

I. Solanum tuberosum II. Beta vulgaris III. Allium cepa

Organ categories: (i) Root, (ii) Shoot

(a) I – ii, II – i, III – ii (b) I – i, II – ii, III – ii (c) I – ii, II – ii, III – i (d) I – i, II – i, III – ii

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.12

Problema 39

The following image shows a sequence of processes involved in the classical solid–liquid extraction of peptides from a cell culture.

Which of the following enzymes is generally used in this process during the step marked 1?

(a) Lipase (b) Trypsin (c) Pepsin (d) Papain

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.12

Problema 40

Which among the following statements about the chloroplast is false?

(a) Proteins found in the chloroplast are either encoded by the chloroplast DNA or the nuclear DNA. (b) Chloroplast genes exhibit a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. (c) Photosystems I and II are spatially separated in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. (d) Chemiosmotic mechanism converts the energy stored in chemical and electric potential to ATP, similar to mitochondria.

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Topic: Thermodynamics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.12

Problema 41

Which of the following is true for a competitive inhibitor of an enzyme?

(a) The inhibitor increases the stability of the enzyme–substrate complex formed. (b) Maximum reaction velocity cannot be reached even at very high concentration of substrate. (c) Very high concentration of substrate can relieve inhibition completely. (d) The inhibitor only binds to the enzyme–substrate complex.

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.12

Problema 42

P and Q are two nuclear proteins that are required for activating transcription of gene Y. Individually, neither of the two is sufficient to activate the transcription of gene Y. The upstream DNA sequence of gene Y was used to study the DNA-binding properties of purified P and Q proteins separately as well as in combination. The bound fractions were eluted and confirmed by Western blotting using antibodies against P and Q.

From the above, which of the following statements are true?

(i) Only P can bind to upstream DNA of gene Y. (ii) P and Q both can bind to upstream DNA of gene Y. (iii) Q activates transcription once it is recruited to upstream DNA of gene Y by P. (iv) P is likely to activate the transcription of gene Y.

(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) and (iv) (c) (i) and (iii) (d) (ii) and (iii)

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Experimental Data Analysis Competenze: Diagrammatic Reasoning, Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.13

Problema 43

The following table depicts the carbon transport and decarboxylation in ${\text{C}}_4$ plant species. Fill in the blanks with the correct options for P, Q and R.

${\text{C}}_4$ acid transported to bundle sheath cells	${\text{C}}_3$ acid transported to mesophyll cells	Decarboxylase
Malate	——P——	NADP${}^{+}$ + malic enzyme
——Q——	Alanine	NAD${}^{+}$ + malic enzyme
Aspartate	——R——	PEP carboxykinase

(a) P: Pyruvate, Q: Aspartate, R: Pyruvate (b) P: Pyruvate, Q: Malate, R: Alanine (c) P: Aspartate, Q: Pyruvate, R: Malate (d) P: Aspartate, Q: Aspartate, R: Phosphoenolpyruvate

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Topic: Thermodynamics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.13

Problema 44

When two species of Monkey Flower plant (X and Y) were studied, the following data was obtained:

Species	Nectar volume ($\mu$l)	Seeds per flower	Weight of horizontal shoots (stolons) that develop into roots
X: Mimulus eastwoodiae	4.94	25	0.49
Y: Mimulus cardinalis	50	280	0.07

Which of the following statements about plant X and/or Y is correct?

(a) Plant X allocates more resources towards shoot growth as compared to plant Y. (b) Plant X allocates its resources to asexual reproduction more than plant Y. (c) Species X is likely to be native in a habitat with abundant water availability. (d) Root to shoot growth ratio of both plants show inverse relationship.

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Experimental Data Analysis Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.13

Problema 45

A few characteristics of a particular animal behaviour are listed below:

• Performed without learning
• Are stereotypic
• Cannot be modified by learning

Which type of behaviour do these indicate?

(a) Operant conditioning (b) Habituation (c) Classical Conditioning (d) Fixed action pattern

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.14

Problema 46

Read the following observations made in experiments done to investigate whether DNA or protein is the genetic material:

(i) ${}^{35}\text{S}$-labelled T2 phages were adsorbed onto bacterial host cells. Upon thorough mixing, bacterial cells and phage ghosts were separated. The radioactivity was recorded only in phage ghosts and not in bacterial host cells. (ii) ${}^{32}\text{P}$-labelled T2 phages were adsorbed onto bacterial host. Upon thorough mixing, bacterial cells and phage ghosts were separated. The bacterial host cells exhibited radioactivity. (iii) Purified DNA of $\varphi$174 bacteriophage can successfully infect bacterial protoplasts and produce parental phage progeny.

Which of the observations confirm that DNA and not protein propagates genetic information?

(a) Only (i) (b) Only (i) and (ii) (c) Only (ii) and (iii) (d) (i), (ii), and (iii)

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Topic: Modern-Quantum Physics Metodi: Experimental Data Analysis Competenze: Experimental Data Analysis, Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.14

Problema 47

The changes in membrane potential of a ventricular muscle cell are depicted in graph I. These changes result from the activity of various ion channels involved in nerve conduction as represented in a corresponding graph II.

P, Q and R in graph II respectively correspond to:

(a) ${\text{K}}^{+}$ channels; ${\text{Na}}^{+}$ channels and ${\text{Ca}}^{2+}$ channels (b) ${\text{K}}^{+}$ channels; ${\text{Ca}}^{2+}$ channels and ${\text{Na}}^{+}$ channels (c) ${\text{Na}}^{+}$ channels; ${\text{K}}^{+}$ channels and ${\text{Ca}}^{2+}$ channels (d) ${\text{Na}}^{+}$ channels; ${\text{Ca}}^{+}$ channels and ${\text{K}}^{+}$ channels

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Topic: Electrostatics Metodi: Experimental Data Analysis, Graph Linearization Competenze: Graph Linearization, Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.14

Problema 48

An enzyme “M” has a low $K_m$ value relative to the physiological concentration of its substrate. Another enzyme “N” has a high $K_m$ value relative to the physiological concentration of its substrate. In normal physiological conditions, and with substrate concentrations within the physiological range, which of the following statements is correct?

(a) The activity of “M” will vary as the concentration of substrate varies, and the rate of formation of product will depend on the availability of substrate. (b) Enzyme “M” will act at a more or less constant rate, regardless of variations in the concentration of substrate. (c) Enzyme “M” will not be normally saturated with the substrate. (d) Enzyme “N” will act at a more or less constant rate, regardless of variations in the concentration of substrate.

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.14

Problema 49

(Part A-2 — Any number of options may be correct)

In Bioinformatics, the transcriptome is identified as the complete set of mRNA transcripts produced by the genome at any one time. Which of the following statements are correct?

(a) Transcriptomes are made up of the complementary regions of both intron and exon portions of the transcribed DNA. (b) Transcriptomes reflect the genes that are being actively expressed at any given time in the cell. (c) Transcriptome shows the conserved regulatory sequences of genes in the active physiological state of a secretory cell. (d) Transcriptome varies considerably in different cells due to different patterns of gene expression.

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.15

Problema 50

(Part A-2 — Any number of options may be correct)

Octopuses and horseshoe crabs have blue blood because the protein transporting oxygen in their blood, haemocyanin, contains copper instead of iron, making their blood appear blue rather than red. It is also seen in invertebrates living in habitats with very low temperatures. Select the correct statement(s) from the following.

(a) Haemocyanin binds more oxygen molecules than haemoglobin and is found freely floating in blood. (b) Haemocyanin binds fewer oxygen molecules than haemoglobin and is found in the haemocytes. (c) Haemocyanin is more thermostable than haemoglobin and is bigger in size than haemoglobin. (d) Haemocyanin is less thermostable than haemoglobin and is smaller in size than haemoglobin.

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.15

Problema 51

(Part A-2 — Any number of options may be correct)

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is an X-linked genetic disorder in which the CGG base triplet number is abnormal compared to a normal healthy individual. The carriers have an intermediate copy number of CGG repeats. The presence of the CGG region is responsible for inactivation of a protein required in brain and neural development.

Gel pattern of CGG repeats along with the family pedigree is shown below. * indicates persons affected with FXS. Lanes: Mo (Mother), Fa (Father), S1* (Son 1, affected), S2 (Son 2), W (Wife), GD (Granddaughter), H (Husband), GGS* (Great-grandson, affected).

Which of the following statements are correct?

(a) CGG repeat number is found highest in the diseased person. (b) CGG repeat number remains stable when passed through sperm. (c) The FXS trait is X-linked recessive. (d) Individual S2 is a carrier for the disease and will transmit the disease to the next generation.

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Experimental Data Analysis Competenze: Diagrammatic Reasoning, Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.15

Problema 52

(Part A-2 — Any number of options may be correct)

An organism’s evolutionary history is documented in its genome. The evolution of ancestral gene A is shown in the figure below. Genes A1 and A2 are called orthologues while genes A1 and B1 are called paralogues. Event P represents a duplication and event Q represents speciation (or vice versa).

Which of the following statements are true?

(a) P and Q respectively indicate speciation and duplication events. (b) Haemoglobin and myoglobin are examples of paralogous genes. (c) Paralogous genes are likely to provide a chance to evolve novel functions in an organism. (d) Polyploidy observed in plants is an example of event P.

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Diagrammatic Reasoning, Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.16

Problema 53

(Part A-2 — Any number of options may be correct)

Study the following reaction:

${\text{CO}}_2+{\text{H}}_2\text{O}\rightleftharpoons {\text{H}}_2{\text{CO}}_3\rightleftharpoons {\text{H}}^{+}+{\text{HCO}}_3^{-}\rightleftharpoons {\text{CO}}_3^{2-}$

The reaction indicates:

(a) Alveolar hyperventilation (b) Oceanic acidification (c) Calcium depletion of coral reefs (d) Increased photosynthesis of oceanic algae

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Topic: Thermodynamics Metodi: Physical Modeling, Ideal Gas Law Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.16

Problema 54

(Part A-2 — Any number of options may be correct)

A scientist found a brown cat with ears having an unusual curl. In order to find if this trait is dominant or recessive, she mated the cat with a random cat of the same species with uncurled ears. The mating resulted in all offspring with non-curled ears. Which of the following can be deduced from this?

(a) The assumption for curled ear trait to be dominant is justified by the results. (b) The assumption that the curled ear trait is recessive would have been justified only if the offspring showed a 1:1 ratio of both phenotypes. (c) The assumption for curled ear trait to be recessive is justified by the results. (d) The results confirm that the randomly chosen cat is true breeding.

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.16

Problema 55

(Part A-2 — Any number of options may be correct)

Considering Meiosis II as an independent event, which one of the following phenomena makes Meiosis II different from a mitotic division?

(i) Sister chromatids are held together by a protein complex called cohesins in metaphase-II only. (ii) Daughter cells may have sister chromatids with different genetic composition. (iii) In meiosis II, the chromosome number of daughter cells remains unchanged. (iv) DNA replication does not take place before prophase II.

(a) Only ii (b) Only i (c) ii and iv (d) i and iii

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.16

Problema 56

(Part A-2 — Any number of options may be correct)

A few processes that occur in a cell are listed below:

(i) Cholesterol uptake (ii) Chemiosmotic generation of ATP (iii) Movement of oxygen into cells (iv) Movement of glucose into cells (v) Secretion of mucous

Which of the following statements regarding these processes are true?

(a) (i) and (ii) are active processes while (iii), (iv) and (v) are passive processes. (b) (i) occurs by carrier-mediated endocytosis while (v) occurs by exocytosis. (c) (iii) and (v) occur by direct passage through the membrane. (d) A membrane protein is involved in the processes (ii) and (iv).

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Topic: Thermodynamics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.17

Problema 57

(Part A-2 — Any number of options may be correct)

Approximately 97% of the total oxygen is transported as haemoglobin-bound ${\text{O}}_2$. Our body tries to maintain $P_{{\text{O}}_2}$ in the blood and therefore oxygen delivery to tissues differs based on different physiological situations. The picture shows an ${\text{O}}_2$-dissociation curve (solid line). The curve shifts to right or left at different physiological conditions.

Based on the graph, indicate which of the following statements are true:

(a) At high altitude, the ${\text{O}}_2$ dissociation curve will exhibit a left shift. (b) In methaemoglobinaemia, where methaemoglobin (${\text{Fe}}^{3+}$ in haem) is higher than normal, a right shift of the normal curve is observed. (c) During exercise, elevated levels of ${\text{CO}}_2$ in the muscles need to be removed. In this case, the normal graph will shift to the right. (d) In the foetus, higher ${\text{O}}_2$ affinity of haemoglobin will cause a left shift of the curve.

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Topic: Kinetic Theory Metodi: Ideal Gas Law, Experimental Data Analysis Competenze: Graph Linearization, Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.17

Problema 58

(Part A-2 — Any number of options may be correct)

Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone secreted in the blood whenever there is any kind of stress or “fight or flight” situation. Which of the following is/are correct about this hormone?

(a) It is likely to follow circadian rhythm. (b) It is likely to stimulate body carbohydrate and fat metabolism. (c) It is likely to reduce blood pressure. (d) It is likely to induce the immune system to mount a greater response.

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Topic: Thermodynamics Metodi: Physical Modeling Competenze: Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.17

Problema 59

(Part A-2 — Any number of options may be correct)

Lettuce seeds are known to germinate if exposed to a brief period of light. Plant physiologists carried out experiments to study the effects of repeated alternating flashes of red light (R) for 1 minute and far-red light (FR) for 4 minutes on the germination of lettuce seeds. The results of four experiments are tabulated below:

Experiment	Treatment	Observations
1	R	Most germinate
2	R – FR	Few germinate
3	R – FR – R – FR – R – FR – R	Most germinate
4	R – FR – R – FR – R – FR – R – FR	Few germinate

Based on the results obtained, mark the correct statement(s):

(a) Red light and far-red light reverse each other’s effects. (b) Dormancy in experiment 4 could be overcome if the sequence had 4 periods of red light preceding the last far-red period. (c) The ratio of 1:4 minutes of R:FR is required to ensure germination. (d) The final exposure determines the germination response.

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Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Experimental Data Analysis Competenze: Experimental Data Analysis, Physical Reasoning Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.18

Problema 60

(Part A-2 — Any number of options may be correct)

An experiment was carried out to understand animal interactions and community structure in an intertidal habitat. Four experimental plots were created:

• (A) Both sea urchin and limpets are removed
• (B) Only sea urchins are removed
• (C) Only limpets are removed
• (D) None is removed (Control)

The % seaweed cover recorded over the experimental period lasting several months is depicted in the graph.

Which of the following observations are correct?

(a) Seaweed growth was equally regulated by grazing of limpets and sea urchins. (b) Limpets had the least impact on seaweed growth. (c) Sea urchins have higher grazing potential as compared to limpets. (d) In this community, sea urchins are regulators of seaweed growth.

Topic: Newtonian Mechanics Metodi: Experimental Data Analysis Competenze: Experimental Data Analysis, Graph Linearization Fonte: Testo (PDF) — p.18